Perceived Stress, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Among Frontline Healthcare Workers Working in COVID-19 Level 2 Hospital
Downloads
Published
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55229/ijbs.v27i1.06Keywords:
Depression, anxiety, Strss, COVID-19, healthcareDimensions Badge
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Shaifali Singh, Dharamveer Chaudhary, Vivek Kumar, Vipul Singh, Priyanka Kumari
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
-
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, andindicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
-
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
-
NoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic had the potential to significantly affect the mental health of healthcare workers (HCWs), who stood on the frontline of this crisis. The study determines the level of perceived stress, anxiety, depression, and stress among healthcare workers during the first phase of COVID-19.Abstract
Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was done among the healthcare workers (Non-PG Junior residents, interns, and nursing staff) working in the COVID level-2 hospital from May 10, 2020, to July 30, 2020. DASS-21 scale was used to determine the level of depression, anxiety, stress, and perceived stress was measured by the perceived stress scale (PSS). The statistical analysis was done with GraphPad instat version 3.06. The scores of DASS and PSS were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test.
Results: It was seen that overall prevalence of depression was 36.84% among all the groups of HCW with 10.6% having mild and 16.20% having moderate depression. The prevalence of anxiety and stress in participants was 39.8 and 41.73%, respectively. The prevalence of perceived stress level was found to be 86% with the majority (64.80%) having mild perceived stress level. No significant difference was observed among the different HCW groups regarding stress, anxiety, depression, and perceived stress. It was observed that participants having high perceived stress levels were more depressed (p < 0.0001), more anxious (p < 0.0001) and more stressed (p < 0.0001).
Conclusion: HCWs experienced stress, anxiety, and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic. HCWs with higher perceived stress were more depressed, anxious, and more stressed.
How to Cite
Downloads
Holshue ML, DeBolt C, Lindquist S, Lofy KH, Wiesman J, Bruce H, Spitters C, Ericson K, Wilkerson S, Tural A, Diaz G. First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States. WHO . 2020. Pneumonia of Unknown Cause – China. URL https://www.who.int/csr/don/05-january-2020-pneumonia-of-unkown-cause-china/en/ (Accessed 3.31.20) WHO . 2020. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report – 46. URL https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200306-sitrep-46-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=96b04adf_2 (Accessed 3.31.20 New England Journal of Medicine. 2020 Jan 31.Murdoch DR, Howie SR. The global burden of lower respiratory infections: making progress, but we need to do better. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2018 Nov 1;18(11):1162-3. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Fan G, Xu J, Gu X, Cheng Z. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The lancet. 2020 Feb 15;395(10223):497-506 Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India. Hall RC, Hall RC, Chapman MJ. The 1995 Kikwit Ebola outbreak: lessons hospitals and physicians can apply to future viral epidemics. General hospital psychiatry. 2008 Sep 1;30(5):446-52. Selye H. The stress of life. New York, Mc Gran-Hill Book Company. Holland K. Anxiety: Causes, symptoms, treatment, and more. Bao Y, Sun Y, Meng S, Shi J, Lu L. 2019-nCoV epidemic: address mental health care to empower society. The Lancet. 2020 Feb 22;395(10224):e37-8. Kazmi SSH, Hasan K, Talib S, Saxena S. COVID-19 and lockdown: A study on the impact on mental health. (April 15, 2020) Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of health and social behavior. 1983 Dec 1:385-96. Lovibond PF, Lovibond SH. The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour research and therapy. 1995 Mar 1;33(3):335-43. Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N, Wu J, Du H, Chen T, Li R, Tan H. Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA network open. 2020 Mar 2;3(3):e203976-. Sandesh R, Shahid W, Dev K, Mandhan N, Shankar P, Shaikh A, Rizwan A. Impact of COVID-19 on the Mental Health of Healthcare Professionals in Pakistan. Cureus. 2020 Jul;12(7). Senbeta B, Geleta TA, Awol M. COVID-19 pandemic and self-reported symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress among health care workers in Ethiopia. Tan BY, Chew NW, Lee GK, Jing M, Goh Y, Yeo LL, Zhang K, Chin HK, Ahmad A, Khan FA, Shanmugam GN. Psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health care workers in Singapore. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2020 Apr 6. Zhang WR, Wang K, Yin L, Zhao WF, Xue Q, Peng M, Min BQ, Tian Q, Leng HX, Du JL, Chang H. Mental health and psychosocial problems of medical health workers during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics. 2020;89(4):242-50. Salman M, Raza MH, Mustafa ZU, Khan TM, Asif N, Tahir H, Shehzadi N, Hussain K. The psychological effects of COVID-19 on frontline healthcare workers and how they are coping: a web-based, cross-sectional study from Pakistan. medRxiv. 2020 Jan 1. Pappa S, Ntella V, Giannakas T, Giannakoulis VG, Papoutsi E, Katsaounou P. Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain, behavior, and immunity. 2020 May 8. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, McIntyre RS. & Ho, C.(2020). A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Brain, behavior, and immunity. Du J, Dong L, Wang T, Yuan C, Fu R, Zhang L, Liu B, Zhang M, Yin Y, Qin J, Bouey J. Psychological symptoms among frontline healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan. General hospital psychiatry. 2020 Apr 3. Uvais NA, Aziz F, Hafeeq B. COVID-19-related stigma and perceived stress among dialysis staff. Bardeen JR, Fergus TA, Orcutt HK. Experiential avoidance as a moderator of the relationship between anxiety sensitivity and perceived stress. Behavior Therapy 2013;44:459-69. Golden-Kreutz DM, Thornton LM, Gregorio WD, Frierson GM, Jim HS, Carpenter KM, Shelby RA, Andersen BL. Traumatic stress, perceived global stress, and life events: prospectively predicting quality of life in breast cancer patients. Health Psychology. 2005 May;24(3):288. Hölzel BK, Carmody J, Evans KC et al Stress reduction correlates with structural changes in the amygdala. Social cognitive and affective neuroscience 2009;5:11-7. Liston C, McEwen BS, Casey BJ. Psychosocial stress reversibly disrupts prefrontal processing and attentional control. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2009;106:912-7.
References
Most read articles by the same author(s)
- Vipul Singh, District Mental Health Program: Inception, Evolution and Challenges , Indian Journal of Behavioural Sciences: Vol. 26 No. 01 (2023): Indian Journal of Behavioural Sciences